See How Scientists Put Together the Complete Human Genome
Scientific American Content
Clara Moskowitz, Martin Krzywinski
2022-08-21
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/see-how-scientists-put-together-the-complete-human-genome/
See How Scientists Put Together the Complete Human Genome
For the first time, researchers have sequenced all 3,117,275,501 bases of our genetic code
The human genome is at last complete. Researchers have been working for decades toward this goal, and the Human Genome Project claimed victory in 2001, when it had read almost all of a person’s DNA. But the stubborn remaining 8 percent of the genome took another two decades to decipher. These final sections were highly repetitive and highly variable among individuals, making them the hardest parts to sequence. Yet they revealed hundreds of new genes, including genes involved in immune responses and those responsible for humans developing larger brains than our primate ancestors. “Now that we have one complete reference, we can understand human variation and how we changed with respect to our closest related species on the planet,” says geneticist Evan Eichler of the University of Washington, one of the co-chairs of the Telomere-to-Telomere consortium that finished the genome.

Editor’s Note (7/22/22): The graphic in this article was edited after posting to correct the number of bases in a totally gapless genomic sequence in 2022.
This article was originally published with the title “3,117,275,501 Bases, 0 Gaps” in Scientific American 327, 2, 92 (August 2022)
doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0822-92
ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S)
Clara Moskowitzis Scientific American‘s senior editor covering space and physics. She has a bachelor’s degree in astronomy and physics from Wesleyan University and a graduate degree in science journalism from the University of California, Santa Cruz. Follow Moskowitz on Twitter @ClaraMoskowitz Credit: Nick Higgins
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Martin Krzywinski is a staff scientist at Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Center.